ZHANG Lirong;

• 1:School of Economics
• 2: Fujian Normal University

Abstract：

In the context of the burgeoning development of new quality productive forces, the issue of technological progress has increasingly become the focal point of academic attention. A review of the academic history shows that the study of technology in the field of political economy has undergone an evolution from early neglect, to gradual revival, and then to a path of diverse development. This paper first systematically reviews the basic paradigms and theoretical approaches related to technology research, including those of the Classical School of Economics, Neoclassical Economic Growth Theory, Schumpeter and the New Schumpeterian School of Technological Innovation, the French Regulation School, the American School of Accumulation and Social Structures, and Development Economics from a technological perspective. It then analyzes technological progress theory from a Marxist perspective, emphasizing that technology is always “embedded” in the social context in which it exists, evolving through continuous interaction with society. Finally, this paper identifies three theoretical perspectives, namely institutions, markets, and labor, accordingly proposing a more comprehensive analytical framework for technology. By integrating the above theoretical traditions, this paper explores their compatibility and complementarity with Marxist economics in both thought and methodology, thereby enriching the theoretical content of technological progress research from a political economy perspective.

Key Words： Marxism;technological progress;embedding;economic growth

Abstract:

Keywords:

Foundation: 国家社会科学基金一般项目“马克思主义政治经济学视域下数据要素的确权、流通和收益分配研究”(23BKS031)的资助

Authors: ZHANG Lirong;

References：

• 陈文化，李立生.2001.试析马克思的技术观[J].求实，(6):10-14.Chen W H,Li L S.2001.On Marx's view of technology[J].Truth Seeking,(6):10-14.(in Chinese) 大卫E.奈.2017.百年流水线：一部工业技术进步史[M].史雷，译.北京：机械工业出版社，26.(original language) Nye D E.2013.America's assembly line[M].Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press. 大卫·哈维.2017.资本的限度[M].张寅，译.北京：中信出版社.(original language) Harvey D.1982.The limits to capital[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press. 大卫·科茨.2018a.法国调节学派与美国积累的社会结构学派之比较[J].田方萌，译.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),48(5):121-129.Kotz D.2018a.A comparison of the French regulation school and the American school of accumulated social structure[J].Tian F M,trans.Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),48(5):121-129.(trans.into Chinese) 大卫·科茨.2018b.长波和积累的社会结构：一个评论与再解释[J].张开，顾梦佳，崔晓雪，等，译.政治经济学评论，9(2):188-215.Kotz D.2018b.Long waves and social structures of accumulation:a critique and reinterpretation[J].Zhang K,Gu M J,Cui X X,et al.trans.China Review of Political Economy,9(2):188-215.(trans.into Chinese) 大卫·科茨，迪彭卡·巴苏.2018.经济停滞与制度结构[J].朱安东，陈旸，译.政治经济学季刊，1(1):117-147.Kotz D,Basu D.2018.Economic stagnation and institutional structures[J].Zhu A D,Chen Y,trans.Journal of Political Economy,1(1):117-147.(trans.into Chinese) 丁晓钦，尹兴.2011.积累的社会结构理论述评[J].经济学动态，(11):107-112.Ding X Q,Yin X.2011.A review of the social structure of accumulation theory[J].Economic Perspectives,(11):107-112.(in Chinese) 多西G,弗里曼C,纳尔逊R,等.1992.技术进步与经济理论[M].钟学义，沈利生，陈平，译.北京：经济科学出版社.(original language) Dosi G,Freeman C,Nelson R,et al.1988.Technical change and economic theory[M].London and New York:Pinter Publishers. 范·杜因.1993.经济长波与创新[M].刘守英，罗靖，译.上海：上海译文出版社.(original language) van Duijn J J.1987.The long wave in economic life[M].London:George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 高德步.1998.经济学中的历史学派和历史方法[J].中国人民大学学报，(5):1-6.Gao D B.1998.The historical school and historical method in economics[J].Journal of Renmin University of China,(5):1-6.(in Chinese) 高峰.2014.资本积累理论与现代资本主义：理论的和实证的分析[M].2版.北京：社会科学文献出版社.Gao F.2014.Capital accumulation theory and modern capitalism:theoretical and empirical analysis[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press.(in Chinese) 古斯塔夫·冯·施穆勒.2023.重商主义制度及其历史意义[M].严鹏，译.上海：东方出版中心.(original language) von Schmoller G.1896.The mercantile system and its historical significance[M].New York/London:Macmillan. 何蓉.2005.德国历史学派与19世纪经济学方法论之争的启示[J].社会，(3):167-186.He R.2005.The implications of the German historical school and the 19th-century methodological debate in economics[J].Society,(3):167-186.(in Chinese) 胡海峰.2005.对法国调节学派及其理论的分析[J].教学与研究，(3):79-84.Hu H F.2005.An introduction to the Parisian regulation school and its theory[J].Teaching and Research,(3):79-84.(in Chinese) 罗伯特·J.巴罗，夏威尔·萨拉-伊-马丁.2010.经济增长[M].2版.夏俊，译.上海：格致出版社，上海三联出版社，上海人民出版社.(original language) Barro R J,Sala-i-Martin X I.2003.Economic growth[M].2nd ed.Cambridge:The MIT Press. 卡尔·波兰尼.2007.大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源[M].冯钢，刘阳，译.杭州：浙江人民出版社.(original language) Polanyi K.2001.The great transformation:the political and economic origins of our time[M].2nd ed.Boston:Beacon Press. 卡萝塔·佩蕾丝.2007.技术革命与金融资本：泡沫与黄金时代的动力学[M].田方萌，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社.(original language) Perez C.2002.Technological revolutions and financial capital:the dynamics of bubbles and golden ages[M].London:Edward Elgar Publishing. 克里斯·弗里曼，弗朗西斯科·卢桑.2007.光阴似箭：从工业革命到信息革命[M].沈宏亮，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社.(original language) Freeman C,Lou???? F.2001.As time goes by:from the industrial revolutions to the information revolution[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press. 赖纳特E S,贾根良.2007a.穷国的国富论(上卷)[M].贾根良，王中华，等，译.北京：高等教育出版社.Reinert E S,Jia G L.2007a.The other canon of economics:a selection on essays of evolutionary development economics,Volume I[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press.(trans.into Chinese) 赖纳特E S,贾根良.2007b.穷国的国富论(下卷)[M].贾根良，王中华，等，译.北京：高等教育出版社.Reinert E S,Jia G L.2007b.The other canon of economics:a selection on essays of evolutionary development economics,Volume Ⅱ[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press.(trans.into Chinese) 赖纳特E S.2010.富国为什么富穷国为什么穷[M].杨虎涛，陈国涛，等，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社.(original language) Reinert E S.2007.How rich countries got rich and why poor countries stay poor[M].New York/London:Public Affairs (or Constable). 李娜.2023.现代增长理论中的技术进步[J].当代经济，(1):81-87.Li N.2023.Technological progress in modern growth theory[J].Contemporary Economics,(1):81-87.(in Chinese) 李其庆.2004.法国调节学派评析[J].经济社会体制比较，(2):123-134.Li Q Q.2004.Comment on French regulation school[J].Comparative Economic & Social Systems,(2):123-134.(in Chinese) 李三虎.2003.技术决定还是社会决定：冲突和一致——走向一种马克思主义的技术社会理论[J].探求，(1):37-45.Li S H.2003.Technological determination or social determination:towards to a technology/society theory of Marxism[J].Academic Search for Truth and Reality,(1):37-45.(in Chinese) 李斯特 F.1961.政治经济学的国民体系[M].陈万煦，译.北京：商务印书馆.(original language) List F.1885.The national system of political economy[M].London:Longmans,Green and Co.. 刘大椿.2018.马克思的科技审度及其意义[J].教学与研究，(4):28-35.Liu D C.2018.The study of Marx's science and technology theory and its significance[J].Teaching and Research,(4):28-35.(in Chinese) 罗雪尔 W G F.1997.历史方法的国民经济学讲义大纲[M].朱绍文，译.北京：商务印书馆.(original language) Roscher W G F.1843.Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die Staatswirtschaft nach geschichtlicher Methode[M].G??ttingen:Dieterich. 马克思.1958.哲学的贫困[M]//马克思恩格斯全集(第4卷).中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局，译.北京：人民出版社. 马克思.1972.资本论(第1卷)[M]//马克思恩格斯全集(第23卷).中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局，译.北京：人民出版社. 马克思.1979.经济学手稿(1861—1863年)[M]//马克思恩格斯全集(第47卷).中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局，译.北京：人民出版社. 迈克尔·布若威.2008.制造同意：垄断资本主义劳动过程的变迁[M].李荣荣，译.北京：商务印书馆.(original language) Burawoy M.1982.Manufacturing consent:changes in the labor process under monopoly capitalism[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press. 迈克尔·华莱士，大卫·布拉迪.2012.全球化还是空间化?——世界范围内劳动过程的空间重构[J].童珊，译.马克思主义研究，(3):128-135.Wallace M,Brady D.2012.Globalization or spatialization?—The spatial restructuring of the labor process worldwide[J].Tong S,trans.Studies on Marxism,(3):128-135.(trans.into Chinese) 迈克尔·华莱士，大卫·布雷迪.2019.下一个长期波动——世纪之交的空间化、技术官僚控制和工作重构[J].顾梦佳，张开，译.政治经济学季刊，2(2):52-94.(original language) Wallace M,Brady D.2001.The next long swing:spatialization,technocratic control and the restructuring of work at the turn of century[C]//Berg I,Kalleberg A L.Sourcebook of Labor Markets:Evolving Structures and Processes.New York:Plenum Press,101-133. 孟捷.2016.积累、制度与创新的内生性——以美国社会积累结构学派为例的批判性讨论[J].社会科学战线，(11):39-45.Meng J.2016.Accumulation,institutions,and the endogeneity of innovation:a critical discussion based on the U.S.social structure of accumulation school[J].Social Science Front,(11):39-45.(in Chinese) 孟捷，杨志.2004.技术创新与政治经济学的研究对象[J].政治经济学评论，(2):197-218.Meng J,Yang Z.2004.Technical innovation and the object of investigation for Marxist economics[J].China Review of Political Economy,(2):197-218.(in Chinese) 孟捷，高峰.2019.发达资本主义经济的长波：从战后“黄金年代”到2008年金融-经济危机[M].上海：格致出版社.Meng J,Gao F.2019.Long waves of developed capitalist economies:from the postwar “Golden Age” to the 2008 financial-economic crisis[M].Shanghai:Gezhi Press.(in Chinese) 欧内斯特·曼德尔.1998.资本主义发展的长波——马克思主义的解释[M].南开大学国际经济研究所，译.北京：商务印书馆.(original language) Mandel E.1980.Long waves of capitalist development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 宋宗宏.2014.技术变迁与经济发展：演化发展经济学的视角[M].北京：中国经济出版社.Song Z H.2014.Technological change and economic development:a perspective of evolutionary development economics[M].Beijing:China Economic Publishing House.(in Chinese) 孙炳炎.2021.马克思论科学技术的社会性质及其运用的社会影响——基于《1861—1863年经济学手稿》文本的考察[J].毛泽东邓小平理论研究，(10):26-32.Sun B Y.2021.Marx on the social nature of science and technology and the social influence of its application:a study on the basis of manuscripts of economics (1861—1863)[J].Studies on Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Theories,(10):26-32.(in Chinese) 孙守领，陈发俊.2021.马克思的技术概念审视：一种德语技术概念史考察[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),36(5):47-54,62.Sun S L,Chen F J.2021.Investigating Marx's technical concept based on the history of German technical concept[J].Journal of Changsha University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition),36(5):47-54,62.(in Chinese) 王伯鲁.2009.马克思技术思想纲要[M].北京：科学出版社.Wang B L.2009.Compendious study of Marx's thought on technology[M].Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese) 王伯鲁.2017.马克思技术决定论思想辨析[J].自然辩证法通讯，(5):126-135.Wang B L.2017.Differentiation and analysis of Marx technological determinism thought[J].Journal of Dialectics of Nature,(5):126-135.(in Chinese) 王星.2011.技术的政治经济学基于马克思主义劳动过程理论的思考[J].社会，31(1):200-222.Wang X.2011.The political economy of skill:based on Marxism theory of labor process[J].Society,31(1):200-222.(in Chinese) 王晓蓉，贾根良.2001.“新熊彼特”技术变迁理论评述[J].南开经济研究，(1):49-53,58.Wang X R,Jia G L.2001.A review on “New Schumpeterian” theory of technological changes[J].Nankai Economic Studies,(1):49-53,58.(in Chinese) 威廉·拉佐尼克.2007.车间的竞争优势[M].徐华，黄虹，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社.(original language) Lazonick W.1985.Competitive advantage on the shop floor[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press. 武文风.2013.马克思技术进步理论研究[D].天津：南开大学.Wu W F.2013.A study of Marx's theory of technological progress[D].Tianjin:Nankai University.(in Chinese) 夏明.2006.技术转变与资本积累体制——法国调节学派的经济增长理论述评[J].国外社会科学，(4):44-50.Xia M.2006.Technological transformation and accumulation regimes:a review of the french regulation school's growth theory[J].International Studies,(4):44-50.(in Chinese) 谢富胜.2005.分工、技术与生产组织变迁[M].北京：经济科学出版社.Xie F S.2005.The division of labor,technology,and organizational change in production[M].Beijing:China Economic Publishing House.(in Chinese) 徐祥运，庞丹.2015.马克思与杜威的科学技术哲学思想比较[J].自然辩证法研究，31(4):58-63.Xu X Y,Pang D.2015.Comparison between the thoughts of philosophy of science and technology of Marx and Dewey[J].Studies in Dialectics of Nature,31(4):58-63.(in Chinese) 杨虎涛.2020.社会—政治范式与技术—经济范式的耦合分析——兼论数字经济时代的社会—政治范式[J].经济纵横，(11):1-11.Yang H T.2020.Coupling analysis of social-political paradigm and techno-economic paradigm-also on the social—political paradigm in the digital economy era[J].Economic Review Journal,(11):1-11.(in Chinese) 约瑟夫·熊彼特.1990.经济发展理论——对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M].何畏，易家详，等，译.北京：商务印书馆.(original language) Schumpeter J A.1912.The theory of economic development:an inquiry into profits,capital,credit,interest,and the business cycle[M].New York:Harper & Brothers Publishing Company. 约瑟夫·熊彼特.1999.资本主义、社会主义和民主[M].吴良健，译.北京：商务印书馆：53-55.(original language) Schumpeter J A.1942.Capitalism,socialism and democracy[M].New York:Harper & Brothers Publishing Company. 张宇，孟捷，卢荻.2013.高级政治经济学[M].3版.北京：中国人民大学出版社.Zhang Y,Meng J,Lu D.2013.Advanced political economics[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Renmin University Press.(in Chinese) 朱勇，吴易风.1999.技术进步与经济的内生增长——新增长理论发展述评[J].中国社会科学，(1):21-39.Zhu Y,Wu Y F.1999.Technological progress and endogenous economic growth:a review of the development of new growth theory[J].Social Sciences in China,(1):21-39.(in Chinese) Aglietta M.2000.A theory of capitalist regulation:the US experience[M].London:Verso. Aghion P,Howitt P.1992.A model of growth through creative destruction[J].Econometrica,60(2):323-351. Aghion P,Howitt P.1998.Endogenous growth theory[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press. Arrow K J.1962.The economic implications of learning by doing[J].The Review of Economic Studies,29(3):155-173. Barro R J.1990.Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,98(5 Pt 2):S103-S125. Boyer R.1990.The regulation school[M].New York:Columbia University Press. Feenberg A.2010.Marxism and the critique of social rationality:from surplus value to the politics of technology[J].Cambridge Journal of Economics,34(1):37-49. Fine B.2000.Critical survey.Endogenous growth theory:a critical assessment[J].Cambridge Journal of Economics,24(2):245-265. Freeman C.1994.The economics of technical change[J].Cambridge Journal of Economics,18(5):463-514. Fuchs M.2020.Does the digitalization of manufacturing boost a ‘smart’ era of capital accumulation?[J].Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie,64(2):47-57. Grundmann R.1991.Marxism and ecology[M].New York:Oxford University Press. Lazonick W.1987.Theory and history in Marxian economics[M]//Field A J.The Future of Economic History.Dordrecht:Springer,255-312. Lucas R E Jr.1988.On the mechanics of economic development[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,22(1):3-42. Montalban M,Frigant V,Jullien B.2019.Platform economy as a new form of capitalism:a Régulationist research programme[J].Cambridge Journal of Economics,43(4):805-824. Reinert E S.2019.The visionary realism of german economics[M].London:Anthem Press. Romer P M.1986.Increasing returns and long-run growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,94(5):1002-1037. Romer P M.1990.Endogenous technological change[J].Journal of Political Economy,98(5 Pt 2):S71-S102. Rosenberg N.1983.Inside the black box[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,34. T??rnberg P.2023.How platforms govern:social regulation in digital capitalism[J].Big Data & Society,10(1):1-13.
• (1)习近平:《开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界》,求是网,2023年10月15日,https://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2023-10/15/c_1129916904.htm。 (2)在马克思的早期著作中,他就已经关注到了资本主义体系下技术进步所带来的各种现象,其中就包括工人被机器代替的问题。例如,在《雇佣劳动与资本》这本小册子中,马克思就谈到了分工的发展和机器的运用对手工工人、成年男工和熟练工人的排挤,同时他批判了“补偿理论”的若干观点。在《资本论》中,马克思进一步批判了“补偿理论”的错误和荒谬,参见高峰(2014,p.138)、马克思(1972,pp.479-488)。 (3)熊彼特认为“创新”这一概念包含五种情况:(1)采用一种新产品;(2)采用一种新的生产方法;(3)开辟一个新市场;(4)取得一种新的供应来源;(5)实现一种工业的新的组织形态。参见熊彼特([1912]1990,pp.73-74)。 (4)尽管技术进步的来源和结果有很大的差异性,但是它并非一个纯粹随机的过程,技术进步类型中存在着规律性,这可以在一定程度上解释相对稳定的增长模式。由此,“技术模式”和“技术轨迹”指的是在相对较长的一段时期,技术沿着清晰的路径发展与扩散。 (5)尽管佩蕾丝的理论被认为吸收了大量马克思主义的精髓,但二者也存在一定的差异。例如,佩蕾丝认为一定时期的政治、社会和文化变革会产生新的调节体制,这支持新的技术集群并为其释放出更大的空间,这会使人联想到马克思有关生产力和生产关系辩证运动的观点。但是弗里曼和卢桑认为马克思的理论主要用于分析资本主义及更早的社会形态中的一般社会关系,而佩蕾丝的理论则是在研究资本主义经济框架下连续变化的历史过程中发展起来的。参见弗里曼和卢桑([2001]2007,pp.154-155) (6)佩蕾丝认为金融资本首先支持技术革命的发展,继而加剧了可能引发冲突的技术—经济领域和社会—制度领域之间的不协调。当上述两个领域之间的协调建立起来的时候,金融资本又成为开展的推动力;而当一场技术革命行将结束,它又有助于催生下一场革命。这弥补了其他研究技术进步学者对金融与技术二者之间关系的忽略。 (7)也有其他学者认为新熊彼特技术创新理论假定了社会制度特征并非塑造和影响技术变革,而是对其的反应,那么这隐含着技术经和社会制度之间是可分离的,因而具有很强的技术决定论倾向。本文则认为“技术—经济范式”强调了技术进步和制度规范之间相互作用的辩证运动,并不是技术决定制度的单向线性传导过程。参见谢富胜(2005,p.6,48)。 (8)指的是技术变革作为推动财富创造的动力,同时也会加剧国家间或地区间的发展不平衡,使部分国家在全球体系中陷入一种由技术差距造成的持续性贫困与依附状态。 (9)有些学者武断地认为马克思思想中的“技术”仅仅指向劳动资料,如前苏联的库津在《马克思与技术问题》一文中说:“马克思认为技术即劳动资料。”“马克思认为技术实质上是人类在生产劳动中所掌握的各种活动手段。”这种观点是一种偏见,忽视了马克思在探讨技术问题时常常将其和生产关系结合起来。 (10)波兰尼“嵌入”这一概念的提出最早是源自对古典及新古典经济学所强调的市场体系能够通过价格机制自动调节供给和需求,并能自主地形成均衡的这一观念的批判。与“嵌入”相对应的概念为“脱嵌”(disembedding),指的是经济和非经济因素的制度相互脱离的过程。“嵌入”与“脱嵌”这一对概念也被后续学者衍生进管理学、社会学等领域。参见卡尔·波兰尼([2001]2007)。 (11)资本对科学的利用,使科学被抽离出生产过程:“生产过程成了科学的应用 ”“资本不创造科学,但是它为了生产过程的需要,利用科学,占有科学。这样一来,科学作为应用于生产的科学同时就和直接劳动相分离。”科技发明的“职业化”:“由于自然科学被资本用做致富手段,从而科学本身也成为那些发展科学的人的致富手段,所以,搞科学的人为了探索科学的实际应用而互相竞争。……发明成了一种特殊的职业。”参见马克思(1979,pp.359-602)。 (12)布若威的“制造同意”侧重探讨工人阶级如何被“赶工游戏”自愿整合进剩余价值的生产过程中,偏向于探讨资本家对劳动者的心理控制手段。参见布若威([1982]2008)。 (13)《坚持党的领导传承红色基因扎根中国大地走出一条建设中国特色世界一流大学新路》,《人民日报》,2022年4月26日,第1版。 (14)同上。